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　　俄語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法、修辭方面有著很多差別，科技俄語(yǔ)翻譯在原文內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上要使譯文語(yǔ)言通順、文字簡(jiǎn)練，尚語(yǔ)翻譯公司帶大家了解科技俄語(yǔ)翻譯常用的方法有什么?

　　There are many differences between Russian and Chinese in structure, grammar and rhetoric. Scientific Russian translation should make the target language smooth and concise on the basis of the original content. What are the common methods of scientific Russian translation?

　　1.詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法

　　Part of speech translation

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言在詞匯的構(gòu)成和造句習(xí)慣上存在著較大差異，如果機(jī)械地按照原文詞類(lèi)翻譯會(huì)使譯文不倫不類(lèi)，這時(shí)就可以采用詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法。所謂詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法，就是用概念相同而類(lèi)別不同的漢語(yǔ)譯詞來(lái)翻譯原詞。詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法在翻譯理論上已被公認(rèn)為一種通用的、重要的翻譯技巧。

　　There are great differences between Russian and Chinese in terms of vocabulary composition and sentence making habits. If we translate mechanically according to the original parts of speech, the translation will be incoherent. Then we can adopt the method of part of speech conversion. The so-called part of speech translation method is to use the same concept but different categories of Chinese translation words to translate the original words. Part of speech translation has been recognized as a general and important translation technique in translation theory.

　　2.代換譯法

　　2. Substitution translation

　　俄漢語(yǔ)言構(gòu)造、表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭特點(diǎn)不同，在表達(dá)同一內(nèi)容時(shí)，兩種語(yǔ)言可能用不同的語(yǔ)言手段。所謂代換譯法，就是指在翻譯時(shí)可采用一些與原文不同的語(yǔ)言手段，去代換原文中不能硬譯的語(yǔ)言形式，以求明確通順地表達(dá)原文的意義。需要注意的是，代換只是語(yǔ)言形式的交換，而不是內(nèi)容的隨意改變。

　　Russian and Chinese have different language structures, expression habits and rhetorical features. When expressing the same content, the two languages may use different language means. The so-called substitution translation method refers to the use of some different language means in translation to replace the language forms that can not be hard translated in the original text, so as to express the meaning of the original text clearly and smoothly. It should be noted that substitution is only the exchange of language forms, not the random change of content.

　　3.加減詞譯法

　　3. Translation of addition and subtraction

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言詞匯的含義范圍、使用習(xí)慣不同，兩個(gè)民族的表情達(dá)意方式也有所區(qū)別，所以翻譯的目的就是力求譯文與原文在意義和精神實(shí)質(zhì)上對(duì)等，而不必、也不可能使譯文和原文在詞量上相當(dāng)，這是加減詞譯法的基礎(chǔ)。

　　Russian and Chinese have different meanings and usages of words, and the expressions and expressions of the two nations are also different. Therefore, the purpose of translation is to make the translation and the original equivalent in meaning and spirit, and it is not necessary and impossible to make the translation and the original text in terms of word quantity, which is the basis of the method of adding and subtracting words.

　　(1)加詞譯法。所謂加詞，就是在翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)具體情況，增加一些原文中無(wú)其形而有其意的詞，以便準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原意，使譯文文理通順，符合漢語(yǔ)的行文規(guī)范和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。加詞譯法有很多種，例如緩和加詞、限制加詞、補(bǔ)充加詞、過(guò)渡加詞等。

　　(1) The method of adding words. The so-called addition of words is to add some words without shape and meaning in the original text according to the specific situation in translation, so as to accurately express the original meaning, make the translation text smooth and conform to the writing norms and expression habits of Chinese. There are many ways to add words, such as mild addition, limited addition, supplementary addition and transitional addition.

　　必須指出，加譯的詞必須有根據(jù)，必須是語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)法、修辭和邏輯等方面所必不可少的，而決不能憑空地、無(wú)緣無(wú)故地加添譯詞，以致畫(huà)蛇添足，損害原義。

　　It must be pointed out that the words to be translated must have a basis, and they must be indispensable in terms of semantics, grammar, rhetoric and logic. We should never add words to the translation without any reason, so as to make the snake superfluous and damage the original meaning.

　　(2)減詞譯法。所謂減詞，就是視具體情況將原文中的某些可致譯文拖泥帶水、生硬別扭的冗詞不譯，以保證譯文簡(jiǎn)潔明快、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)精煉。減詞譯法涉及面很廣，有虛詞減譯、實(shí)詞減譯、邏輯減譯、修辭減譯等。

　　(2) The translation method of reducing words. The so-called word reduction means that according to the specific situation, some redundant words in the original text that can cause the translation to be sluggish and stiff are not translated, so as to ensure the translation is concise, clear and precise. There are many ways to reduce words, such as function words, notional words, logic and rhetoric.

　　減詞處理后的譯文雖然在詞量上和原文不盡一致，但句子的意義和內(nèi)涵卻和原文一樣。

　　Although the quantity of words in the translated text is not the same as that of the original text, the meaning and connotation of the sentence are the same as those of the original text.

　　4.語(yǔ)序處理譯法

　　4. Word order processing

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)語(yǔ)序只在少數(shù)情況下才會(huì)完全相同，多數(shù)情況下是不同的。因此在俄漢翻譯中，要盡量按照現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)邏輯和語(yǔ)法規(guī)律，對(duì)原文詞語(yǔ)的順序進(jìn)行變換和調(diào)整，以求準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原文的意思，符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。語(yǔ)序處理譯法包括順序翻譯、逆序翻譯、綜合變序、局部換位等。

　　Only in a few cases can Russian and Chinese express the same word order, and in most cases they are different. Therefore, in Russian Chinese translation, we should try our best to change and adjust the order of words in the original text according to the logic and grammar rules of modern Chinese, so as to accurately express the meaning of the original text and conform to Chinese expression habits. Word order processing includes sequential translation, reverse translation, comprehensive change of order, partial transposition and so on.

　　5.句型轉(zhuǎn)換譯法

　　5. Transformation of sentence patterns

　　俄漢兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣也有很大差別，為使譯文能夠通暢地按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣表達(dá)，翻譯時(shí)可對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造。句型轉(zhuǎn)換譯法主要有主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換、否定句和肯定句的轉(zhuǎn)換及無(wú)人稱(chēng)句和人稱(chēng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換等。

　　There are also great differences in the expression habits between Russian and Chinese. In order to make the translation smoothly express according to the Chinese habit, the sentence structure can be transformed in translation. The main translation methods of sentence pattern conversion include the conversion of active sentence and passive sentence, the conversion of negative sentence and affirmative sentence, and the conversion of no person sentence and person sentence.

　　(1)主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換?？萍级碚Z(yǔ)(特別是科技文獻(xiàn)中)被動(dòng)句用得多，而漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句用得少，因此翻譯時(shí)常應(yīng)將被動(dòng)句改為主動(dòng)句，但個(gè)別情況也將主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句。

　　(1) The conversion of active sentence and passive sentence. Passive sentences are frequently used in scientific and technological Russian (especially in scientific and Technological Literature), while Chinese passive sentences are seldom used. Therefore, in translation, passive sentences should be changed into active sentences, but in some cases, active sentences should also be changed into passive ones.

　　(2)否定句和肯定句的轉(zhuǎn)換。在實(shí)際翻譯中，為了更完整地表達(dá)出原文的內(nèi)容或?yàn)榱苏疹櫇h語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，常常需要對(duì)俄語(yǔ)的肯定/否定結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行正反處理，以求譯文嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)準(zhǔn)確。

　　(2) The conversion of negative sentences and affirmative sentences. In practical translation, in order to express the content of the original text more completely or to take care of the expression habits of Chinese, it is often necessary to deal with the positive and negative structures of Russian in order to make the translation precise and accurate.

　　(3)無(wú)人稱(chēng)句和人稱(chēng)句的轉(zhuǎn)換。無(wú)人稱(chēng)句是一種沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)、也不可能有主語(yǔ)的不完全句，句中結(jié)構(gòu)只有一個(gè)主要成分—謂語(yǔ)，但謂語(yǔ)的形式表示不出人稱(chēng)的意義，因此在翻譯過(guò)程中，為了符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)邏輯和習(xí)慣，常將俄語(yǔ)的某些無(wú)人稱(chēng)句譯成人稱(chēng)句。

　　(3) The conversion of the sentences of no one and person. The sentence without a subject is a kind of incomplete sentence without subject or subject. The structure of the sentence has only one main component - predicate, but the form of the predicate can not express the meaning of person. Therefore, in the process of translation, in order to conform to the logic and habit of Chinese expression, some sentences without person in Russian are often translated into sentences.

　　6.分合句譯法

　　6. Translation of disjunctive and combined sentences

　　俄漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)不同，兩種語(yǔ)言擁有的詞匯手段、語(yǔ)法手段以及修辭手段具有很大差異。因此，為使原文的內(nèi)容表達(dá)得明晰確切，通順流暢，符合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法修辭習(xí)慣，在組織譯文安排句式時(shí)，常常需要作適當(dāng)?shù)姆趾暇涮幚?，亦即將?jiǎn)單句轉(zhuǎn)換成復(fù)合句，或?qū)?fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)換成簡(jiǎn)單句。

　　Russian and Chinese sentence structures are different, and the two languages have different lexical means, grammatical means and rhetorical devices. Therefore, in order to make the content of the original text express clearly, smoothly and fluently, and conform to the Chinese grammar and rhetoric habits, it is often necessary to make appropriate split and compound sentences when arranging sentence patterns in translation, that is, to convert simple sentences into compound sentences or to convert complex sentences into simple sentences.

　　(1)分句譯法。俄語(yǔ)中的簡(jiǎn)單句，其實(shí)并不簡(jiǎn)單。其主語(yǔ)部分同謂語(yǔ)部分、主要成分同次要成分、一個(gè)次要成分同另一個(gè)次要成分之間，常常有著錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)義聯(lián)系。因此，翻譯過(guò)程中依據(jù)它們之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，常可把俄語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)單句合理地拆分、重組而譯成漢語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句，以使譯文條理分明，表意準(zhǔn)確。

　　(1) Clause translation. In fact, simple sentences in Russian are not simple. There are often complicated structural semantic relations between the subject part and the predicate part, the main component with the same important component, and one secondary component with another secondary component. Therefore, in the process of translation, according to the logical relationship between them, a single sentence in Russian can be reasonably split and reorganized into a compound sentence in Chinese, so as to make the translation clear and express the meaning accurately.

　　(2)合句譯法。俄漢科技翻譯組織譯文時(shí)，除需要增加句量外，有時(shí)還要注意減少句量，即按照原文上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和邏輯意義，把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的分句合并處理成漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子，以使譯文簡(jiǎn)潔緊湊，生動(dòng)耐讀。

　　(2) Combined sentence translation. When organizing the translation of Russian Chinese sci-tech translation, it is necessary to increase the sentence amount and sometimes reduce the sentence amount. That is, according to the semantic relationship and logical meaning of the original context, two or more clauses are combined into one Chinese sentence, so as to make the translation concise, compact, dynamic and readable.

　　7.注釋說(shuō)明譯法

　　7. Interpretation of notes

　　科技作品翻譯時(shí)，為了說(shuō)明原作者的意圖、加深譯文讀者對(duì)原文的理解，?？墒褂米⑨屨f(shuō)明譯法，以使譯文概念明確，表意清晰。注釋說(shuō)明譯法包括前注、后注、前后注、腳注。

　　In the translation of scientific and technological works, in order to explain the original author's intention and deepen the readers' understanding of the original text, annotation is often used to explain the translation, so as to make the translation concept clear and express the meaning clearly. The translation of explanatory notes includes pre notes, post notes, before and after notes and footnotes.

　　8.重復(fù)譯法

　　8. Repeated translation

　　所謂重復(fù)譯法，就是重復(fù)譯出原文中出現(xiàn)的代詞或某些省略成分。重復(fù)譯法的目的主要是為了使譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱(chēng)完整，表達(dá)明確具體，不致產(chǎn)生歧義。重復(fù)譯法是常用的翻譯方法之一。

　　The so-called repeated translation is to repeatedly translate pronouns or some omitted elements in the original text. The main purpose of repeated translation is to make the sentence structure symmetrical and complete, express clearly and concretely, and avoid ambiguity. Repetition is one of the common translation methods.